Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges (Buenos Aires, 24 de agosto de 1899 -Ginebra, 14 de junio de 1986) fue un escritor de cuentos, poemas y ensayos argentino, extensamente considerado una figura clave tanto para la literatura en habla hispana como para la literatura universal. También fue bibliotecario, profesor, conferencista y traductor. Sus dos libros más conocidos, Ficciones y El Aleph, publicados en los años cuarenta, son recopilaciones de cuentos conectados por temas comunes de forma fantástica, como los sueños, los laberintos, las bibliotecas, los espejos, los autores ficticios y las mitologías europeas (como la griega y la nórdica), con argumentos que exploran ideas filosóficas relacionadas, por ejemplo, con la memoria, la eternidad, la posmodernidad y la metaficción. Las obras de Borges han contribuido ampliamente a la literatura filosófica, al género fantástico y al posestructuralismo. Según marcan numerosos críticos, el comienzo del realismo mágico en la literatura hispanoamericana del siglo XX se debe en gran parte a su obra.
Henry Charles Bukowski (born Heinrich Karl Bukowski; August 16, 1920 – March 9, 1994) was an American poet, novelist and short story writer. His writing was influenced by the social, cultural and economic ambience of his home city of Los Angeles. It is marked by an emphasis on the ordinary lives of poor Americans, the act of writing, alcohol, relationships with women and the drudgery of work.
Pablo Neruda, seudónimo y posterior nombre legal de Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto (Parral, 12 de julio de 1904-Santiago, 23 de septiembre de 1973), fue un poeta y político chileno. Es considerado entre los más destacados e influyentes artistas de su siglo; además de haber sido senador de la república chilena, miembro del Comité Central del Partido Comunista (PC), precandidato a la presidencia de su país y embajador en Francia. En 1971 Neruda recibió el Premio Nobel de Literatura «por una poesía que con la acción de una fuerza elemental da vida al destino y los sueños de un continente».
Emily Elizabeth Dickinson (December 10, 1830 – May 15, 1886) was an American poet. Little-known during her life, she has since been regarded as one of the most important figures in American poetry. Evidence suggests that Dickinson lived much of her life in isolation. Considered an eccentric by locals, she developed a penchant for white clothing and was known for her reluctance to greet guests or, later in life, to even leave her bedroom. Dickinson never married, and most friendships between her and others depended entirely upon correspondence.
Edgar Albert Guest (20 August 1881 in Birmingham, England – 5 August 1959 in Detroit, Michigan) (aka Eddie Guest) was a prolific English-born American poet who was popular in the first half of the 20th century and became known as the People’s Poet. In 1891, Guest moved with his family to the United States from England. After he began at the Detroit Free Press as a copy boy and then a reporter, his first poem appeared 11 December 1898. He became a naturalized citizen in 1902. For 40 years, Guest was widely read throughout North America, and his sentimental, optimistic poems were in the same vein as the light verse of Nick Kenny, who wrote syndicated columns during the same decades. Guest’s most famous poem is the oft-quoted “Home”: It don’t make a difference how rich ye get t’ be’ How much yer chairs and tables cost, how great the luxury; It ain’t home t’ ye, though it be the palace of a king, Until somehow yer soul is sort o’ wrapped round everything. Within the hi how are you there’s got t’ be some babies born an’ then... Right there ye’ve got t’ bring em up t’ women good, an’ men; Home ain’t a place that gold can buy or get up in a minute; Afore it’s home there’s got t’ be a heap o’ living in it.” —Excerpt from “Home,” It takes A Heap o’ Livin’ (1916) When you’re up against a trouble, Meet it squarely, face to face, Lift your chin, and set your shoulders, Plant your feet and take a brace, When it’s vain to try to dodge it, Do the best that you can do. You may fail, but you may conquer— See it through! —Excerpt from “See It Through” Guest’s most motivating poem: You can do as much as you think you can, But you'll never accomplish more; If you're afraid of yourself, young man, There's little for you in store. For failure comes from the inside first, It's there, if we only knew it, And you can win, though you face the worst, If you feel that you're going to do it. —Excerpt from “The Secret of the Ages” (1926)
Federico García Lorca (Fuente Vaqueros, Granada, 5 de junio de 1898 – entre Víznar y Alfacar, ibídem, 18 de agosto de 1936) fue un poeta, dramaturgo y prosista español, también conocido por su destreza en muchas otras artes. Adscrito a la llamada Generación del 27, es el poeta de mayor influencia y popularidad de la literatura española del siglo XX. Como dramaturgo, se le considera una de las cimas del teatro español del siglo XX, junto con Valle-Inclán y Buero Vallejo. Murió ejecutado tras la sublevación militar de la Guerra Civil Española, por su afinidad con el Frente Popular y por ser abiertamente homosexual.
Juan Ramón Jiménez Mantecón (Moguer, Huelva, 23 de diciembre de 1881 – San Juan, Puerto Rico, 29 de mayo de 1958) fue un poeta español, ganador del Premio Nobel de Literatura en 1956, por el conjunto de su obra, designándose como trabajo destacado de la misma, la narración lírica Platero y yo.
Octavio Paz (Ciudad de México, 31 de marzo de 1914 - Ibidem, 19 de abril de 1998), registrado al nacer como Octavio Irineo Paz Lozano, fue un poeta, ensayista y diplomático mexicano. Obtuvo el Premio Nobel de Literatura en 1990 y el Premio Cervantes en 1981. Se le considera uno de los más influyentes autores del siglo xx y uno de los más grandes poetas de todos los tiempos.
José Julián Martí Pérez (La Habana, Cuba, 28 de enero de 1853 – Dos Ríos, Cuba, 19 de mayo de 1895) fue un político liberal, pensador, periodista, filósofo y poeta cubano, creador del Partido Revolucionario Cubano y organizador de la Guerra del 95 o Guerra Necesaria. Perteneció al movimiento literario del modernismo.
Walter Whitman (May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. His work was controversial in his time, particularly his 1855 poetry collection Leaves of Grass, which was described as obscene for its overt sensuality.
Joaquín Ramón Martínez Sabina (Úbeda, Jaén, 12 de febrero de 1949), conocido artísticamente como Joaquín Sabina, es un cantautor y poeta español de éxito en países de habla hispana. Ha publicado catorce discos de estudio, cuatro en directo y tres recopilatorios y colaborado con distintos artistas cantando dúos y realizando otras colaboraciones. También compone para otros artistas como Ana Belén o Miguel Ríos entre otros.
Robert Lee Frost (March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963) was an American poet. His work was initially published in England before it was published in the United States. Known for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech, Frost frequently wrote about settings from rural life in New England in the early 20th century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes. Frequently honored during his lifetime, Frost is the only poet to receive four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry. He became one of America’s rare “public literary figures, almost an artistic institution”. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 1960 for his poetic works. On July 22, 1961, Frost was named poet laureate of Vermont.
Gabriela Mistral, seudónimo de Lucila Godoy Alcayaga, (Vicuña, 7 de abril de 1889-Nueva York, 10 de enero de 1957) fue una poetisa, diplomática, profesora y pedagoga chilena. Por su trabajo poético, recibió el Premio Nobel de Literatura en 1945. Fue la primera mujer iberoamericanan y la segunda persona latinoamericanan en recibir un Premio Nobel. Carta a Gabriela por Juana de Ibarbourou, 1957 ¿Por qué caminos del alba andas descubriendo el cielo ese, prometido a unos los que sufrimos, creemos y le pedimos a Dios ir a bruñir sus luceros ? ¿Por qué sendas, asombrada, ya vas encontrando el cielo, mientras aquí las banderas y pueblos, están de duelo.? ¿Por qué te fuiste, tan pronto precipitando el invierno cuando aún, lleno de flores, se desgranaba febrero? Yucas y conquistadores te irán formando cortejo; Pizarro barbado y noble —bronce, plata, encaje, acero— con una ciudad de torres entre sus brazos sin huesos. Y una muchedumbre oscura que va detrás de Atahualpa te sigue cantando himnos en lengua quechua y aymara. Ya estás, Gabriela, en la gloria, mitad de princesa incaica, mitad de reina española, como Isabel, la magnánima. Ya sé que no has de escribir a nadie mas en la tierra, que oficinas de correo a la eternidad se veda. ¡Pero es tan dulce que sepas Gabriela, que toda América por ti está tan conmovida como tu patria chilena...! El cielo junto al copihue la orquídea venezolana se une a la victoria-regia del Brasil, y en la sabana de Colombia, los gomeros detienen su savia trágica. ¡Toda la flora de América quiere mirarte la cara! Asómate entre las nubes una tarde arrebolada; muéstranos tu frente ancha de madre tan bien amada, ¡déjanos poquito a poco, del todo no te nos vayas! Aquí ha quedado tu verso, tu palabra estructurada con lo mejor del idioma y lo mejor de tu alma. Pero nos falta tu rostro con la sonrisa cansada, que a todos nos descansaba cuando nos daba en los ojos. Oye, Gabriela, las voces desde tu «bosque perfecto» damos la señal que diga que llega a ti nuestro acento, y repasa, tu que tanto sobre la tierra anduviste, ¡reposa y se haga radiante su risa aquella, tan triste! Descubre el cielo y descansa, pero, Gabriela ¡no olvides!
José Ángel Buesa (Cienfuegos, Cuba 1910-Santo Domingo, República Dominicana, 1982) fue un poeta romántico con un claro tono de melancolía a través de toda su obra poética, que es primordialmente elegíaca. Se le ha llamado el “poeta enamorado”. Ha sido considerado como el más popular de los poetas en la Cuba de su época. Su popularidad se debía en gran parte a la claridad y profunda sensibilidad de su obra.
«Yo creo que desde muy pequeño mi desdicha y mi dicha, al mismo tiempo, fue el no aceptar las cosas como me eran dadas. A mí no me bastaba con que me dijeran que eso era una mesa, o que la palabra madre era la palabra madre y ahí se acaba todo. Al contrario, en el objeto mesa y en la palabra madre empezaba para mí un itinerario misterioso que a veces llegaba a franquear y en el que a veces me estrellaba. En suma, desde pequeño, mi relación con las palabras, con la escritura, no se diferencia de mi relación con el mundo en general. Yo parezco haber nacido para no aceptar las cosas tal como me son dadas.» Julio Florencio Cortázar Descotte (Ixelles, 26 de agosto de 1914 – París, 12 de febrero de 1984) fue un escritor, traductor e intelectual argentino nacido en Bélgica y nacionalizado francés. Se le considera uno de los autores más innovadores y originales de su tiempo, maestro del relato corto, la prosa poética y la narración breve en general.
Rafael Alberti Merello (Puerto de Santa María, 1902 - 1999) Poeta español, miembro de la Generación del 27. Sus padres pertenecían a familias de origen italiano asentadas en la región y dedicadas al negocio vinícola. Las frecuentes ausencias del padre por razones de trabajo le permitieron crecer libre de toda tutela, correteando por las dunas y las salinas a orillas del mar en compañía de su fiel perra Centella. Una infancia despreocupada, abierta al sol y a la luz, que se ensombrecerá cuando tenga que ingresar en el colegio San Luis Gonzaga de El Puerto, dirigido por los jesuitas de una forma estrictamente tradicional.
Jacques Prévert est un poète, scénaristeet artiste français, né le 4 février 1900 à Neuilly-sur-Seine, et mort le 11 avril 1977 à Omonville-la-Petite (Manche). Auteur de recueils de poèmes, parmi lesquels Paroles (1946), il devint un poète populaire grâce à son langage familier et à ses jeux sur les mots. Ses poèmes sont depuis lors célèbres dans le monde francophone et massivement appris dans les écoles françaises. Il a écrit des sketchs et des chœurs parlés pour le théâtre, des chansons, des scénarios et des dialogues pour le cinéma où il est un des artisans du réalisme poétique. Il a également réalisé de nombreux collages à partir des années 1940.
Victor Hugo est un poète, dramaturge, prosateur et dessinateur romantique français, né à Besançon le 26 février 1802 (le 7 ventôse an X selon le calendrier républicain encore en vigueur) et mort le 22 mai 1885 à Paris. Il est considéré comme l’un des plus importants écrivains de langue française. Il est aussi une personnalité politique et un intellectuel engagé qui a joué un rôle majeur dans l’histoire du xixe siècle. Il occupe une place marquante dans l’histoire des lettres françaises au xixe siècle, dans des genres et des domaines d’une remarquable variété. Au théâtre, Victor Hugo se manifeste comme un des chefs de file du Romantisme français lorsqu'il expose sa théorie du drame romantique dans les préfaces qui introduisent Cromwell en 1827, puis Hernani en 1830 qui sont de véritables manifestes, puis par ses autres œuvres dramatiques : Ruy Blas en 1838, mais aussi Lucrèce Borgia et Le Roi s'amuse.
Madison Julius Cawein (March 23, 1865 – December 8, 1914) was a poet from Louisville, Kentucky. He was the fifth child of William and Christiana (Stelsly) Cawein. His father made patent medicines from herbs thus, as a child, Cawein became acquainted with and developed a love for local nature.
Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936) was an English novelist, short-story writer, poet, and journalist. He was born in British India, which inspired much of his work. Kipling was one of the most popular writers in England, in both prose and verse, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Henry James said: “Kipling strikes me personally as the most complete man of genius (as distinct from fine intelligence) that I have ever known.”
Nicolás Cristóbal Guillén Batista (Camagüey, 1902 - La Habana, 1989) Poeta cubano, considerado el máximo representante de la llamada poesía negra centroamericana, y poeta nacional de la isla por su obra ligada a la cultura afrocubana. Nicolas Guillén cursó un año de derecho en La Habana, antes de abandonar la universidad y volver a su ciudad donde trabajó como tipógrafo y se dedicó al periodismo en la redacción de El Camagüeyano, en cuyas páginas inició también su actividad literaria.
Antonio Machado Ruiz (Sevilla, 26 de julio de 1875 – Colliure, Francia, 22 de febrero de 1939) fue un poeta español, miembro tardío de la Generación del 98 y uno de sus miembros más representativos. Su obra inicial suele inscribirse en el movimiento literario denominado Modernismo. Fue el segundo de cinco hermanos de una familia liberal; el mayor de ellos, Manuel, trabajó junto a Antonio en varias obras.
Carl Sandburg was born in Galesburg, Illinois, on January 6, 1878. His parents, August and Clara Johnson, had emigrated to America from the north of Sweden. After encountering several August Johnsons in his job for the railroad, the Sandburg's father renamed the family. The Sandburgs were very poor; Carl left school at the age of thirteen to work odd jobs, from laying bricks to dishwashing, to help support his family. At seventeen, he traveled west to Kansas as a hobo. He then served eight months in Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American war. While serving, Sandburg met a student at Lombard College, the small school located in Sandburg's hometown. The young man convinced Sandburg to enroll in Lombard after his return from the war.
Dulce María Loynaz Muñoz (La Habana, Cuba; 10 de diciembre de 1902-Ibidem; 27 de abril de 1997) fue una escritora cubana, considerada una de las principales figuras de la literatura cubana y universal. Obtuvo el Premio Miguel de Cervantes en 1992. Publicó sus primeros poemas en La Nación, en 1920, año en que también visitó los Estados Unidos. A partir de esa fecha realizó numerosos viajes por Norteamérica y casi toda Europa, incluyendo visitas a Turquía, Siria, Libia, Palestina y Egipto. Visitó México en 1937, varios países de Sudamérica entre 1946 y 1947 y las Islas Canarias en 1947 y 1951, donde fue declarada hija adoptiva.
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron FRS; 22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), simply known as Lord Byron, was an English poet and peer. One of the leading figures of the Romantic movement, Byron is regarded as one of the greatest English poets. He remains widely read and influential. Among his best-known works are the lengthy narrative poems Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage; many of his shorter lyrics in Hebrew Melodies also became popular. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and later travelled extensively across Europe, especially in Italy, where he lived for seven years in Venice, Ravenna, and Pisa after he was forced to flee England due to lynching threats. During his stay in Italy, he frequently visited his friend and fellow poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Later in life Byron joined the Greek War of Independence fighting the Ottoman Empire and died leading a campaign during that war, for which Greeks revere him as a folk hero. He died in 1824 at the age of 36 from a fever contracted after the First and Second Sieges of Missolonghi.
Ella Wheeler Wilcox (November 5, 1850– October 30, 1919) was an American author and poet. Her best-known work was Poems of Passion. Her most enduring work was “Solitude”, which contains the lines, “Laugh, and the world laughs with you; weep, and you weep alone”. Her autobiography, The Worlds and I, was published in 1918, a year before her death. Biography Ella Wheeler was born in 1850 on a farm in Johnstown, Wisconsin, east of Janesville, the youngest of four children. The family soon moved north of Madison. She started writing poetry at a very early age, and was well known as a poet in her own state by the time she graduated from high school. Her most famous poem, “Solitude”, was first published in the February 25, 1883 issue of The New York Sun. The inspiration for the poem came as she was travelling to attend the Governor’s inaugural ball in Madison, Wisconsin. On her way to the celebration, there was a young woman dressed in black sitting across the aisle from her. The woman was crying. Miss Wheeler sat next to her and sought to comfort her for the rest of the journey. When they arrived, the poet was so depressed that she could barely attend the scheduled festivities. As she looked at her own radiant face in the mirror, she suddenly recalled the sorrowful widow. It was at that moment that she wrote the opening lines of “Solitude”: Laugh, and the world laughs with you; Weep, and you weep alone. For the sad old earth must borrow its mirth But has trouble enough of its own She sent the poem to the Sun and received $5 for her effort. It was collected in the book Poems of Passion shortly after in May 1883. In 1884, she married Robert Wilcox of Meriden, Connecticut, where the couple lived before moving to New York City and then to Granite Bay in the Short Beach section of Branford, Connecticut. The two homes they built on Long Island Sound, along with several cottages, became known as Bungalow Court, and they would hold gatherings there of literary and artistic friends. They had one child, a son, who died shortly after birth. Not long after their marriage, they both became interested in theosophy, new thought, and spiritualism. Early in their married life, Robert and Ella Wheeler Wilcox promised each other that whoever went first through death would return and communicate with the other. Robert Wilcox died in 1916, after over thirty years of marriage. She was overcome with grief, which became ever more intense as week after week went without any message from him. It was at this time that she went to California to see the Rosicrucian astrologer, Max Heindel, still seeking help in her sorrow, still unable to understand why she had no word from her Robert. She wrote of this meeting: In talking with Max Heindel, the leader of the Rosicrucian Philosophy in California, he made very clear to me the effect of intense grief. Mr. Heindel assured me that I would come in touch with the spirit of my husband when I learned to control my sorrow. I replied that it seemed strange to me that an omnipotent God could not send a flash of his light into a suffering soul to bring its conviction when most needed. Did you ever stand beside a clear pool of water, asked Mr. Heindel, and see the trees and skies repeated therein? And did you ever cast a stone into that pool and see it clouded and turmoiled, so it gave no reflection? Yet the skies and trees were waiting above to be reflected when the waters grew calm. So God and your husband’s spirit wait to show themselves to you when the turbulence of sorrow is quieted. Several months later, she composed a little mantra or affirmative prayer which she said over and over “I am the living witness: The dead live: And they speak through us and to us: And I am the voice that gives this glorious truth to the suffering world: I am ready, God: I am ready, Christ: I am ready, Robert.”. Wilcox made efforts to teach occult things to the world. Her works, filled with positive thinking, were popular in the New Thought Movement and by 1915 her booklet, What I Know About New Thought had a distribution of 50,000 copies, according to its publisher, Elizabeth Towne. The following statement expresses Wilcox’s unique blending of New Thought, Spiritualism, and a Theosophical belief in reincarnation: “As we think, act, and live here today, we built the structures of our homes in spirit realms after we leave earth, and we build karma for future lives, thousands of years to come, on this earth or other planets. Life will assume new dignity, and labor new interest for us, when we come to the knowledge that death is but a continuation of life and labor, in higher planes”. Her final words in her autobiography The Worlds and I: “From this mighty storehouse (of God, and the hierarchies of Spiritual Beings ) we may gather wisdom and knowledge, and receive light and power, as we pass through this preparatory room of earth, which is only one of the innumerable mansions in our Father’s house. Think on these things”. Ella Wheeler Wilcox died of cancer on October 30, 1919 in Short Beach. Poetry A popular poet rather than a literary poet, in her poems she expresses sentiments of cheer and optimism in plainly written, rhyming verse. Her world view is expressed in the title of her poem “Whatever Is—Is Best”, suggesting an echo of Alexander Pope’s “Whatever is, is right,” a concept formally articulated by Gottfried Leibniz and parodied by Voltaire’s character Doctor Pangloss in Candide. None of Wilcox’s works were included by F. O. Matthiessen in The Oxford Book of American Verse, but Hazel Felleman chose no fewer than fourteen of her poems for Best Loved Poems of the American People, while Martin Gardner selected “The Way Of The World” and “The Winds of Fate” for Best Remembered Poems. She is frequently cited in anthologies of bad poetry, such as The Stuffed Owl: An Anthology of Bad Verse and Very Bad Poetry. Sinclair Lewis indicates Babbitt’s lack of literary sophistication by having him refer to a piece of verse as “one of the classic poems, like 'If’ by Kipling, or Ella Wheeler Wilcox’s ‘The Man Worth While.’” The latter opens: It is easy enough to be pleasant, When life flows by like a song, But the man worth while is one who will smile, When everything goes dead wrong. Her most famous lines open her poem “Solitude”: Laugh and the world laughs with you, Weep, and you weep alone; The good old earth must borrow its mirth, But has trouble enough of its own. “The Winds of Fate” is a marvel of economy, far too short to summarize. In full: One ship drives east and another drives west With the selfsame winds that blow. ’Tis the set of the sails, And Not the gales, That tell us the way to go. Like the winds of the sea are the ways of fate; As we voyage along through life, ’Tis the set of a soul That decides its goal, And not the calm or the strife. Ella Wheeler Wilcox cared about alleviating animal suffering, as can be seen from her poem, “Voice of the Voiceless”. It begins as follows: So many gods, so many creeds, So many paths that wind and wind, While just the art of being kind Is all the sad world needs. I am the voice of the voiceless; Through me the dumb shall speak, Till the deaf world’s ear be made to hear The wrongs of the wordless weak. From street, from cage, and from kennel, From stable and zoo, the wail Of my tortured kin proclaims the sin Of the mighty against the frail.
Rabindranath Tagoreα (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941) was an Indian Bengali polymath who reshaped his region’s literature and music. Author of Gitanjali and its “profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse”, he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. In translation his poetry was viewed as spiritual and mercurial; his seemingly mesmeric personality, flowing hair, and other-worldly dress earned him a prophet-like reputation in the West. His “elegant prose and magical poetry” remain largely unknown outside Bengal.
Paul Laurence Dunbar was the first African-American poet to garner national critical acclaim. Born in Dayton, Ohio, in 1872, Dunbar penned a large body of dialect poems, standard English poems, essays, novels and short stories before he died at the age of 33. His work often addressed the difficulties encountered by members of his race and the efforts of African-Americans to achieve equality in America. He was praised both by the prominent literary critics of his time and his literary contemporaries. Dunbar was born on June 27, 1872, to Matilda and Joshua Dunbar, both natives of Kentucky. His mother was a former slave and his father had escaped from slavery and served in the 55th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment and the 5th Massachusetts Colored Cavalry Regiment during the Civil War. Matilda and Joshua had two children before separating in 1874. Matilda also had two children from a previous marriage.
William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Authorship Around 230 years after Shakespeare’s death, doubts began to be expressed about the authorship of the works attributed to him. Proposed alternative candidates include Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, and Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. Several “group theories” have also been proposed. All but a few Shakespeare scholars and literary historians consider it a fringe theory, with only a small minority of academics who believe that there is reason to question the traditional attribution, but interest in the subject, particularly the Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship, continues into the 21st century.